Jacqueslouis David Believed That the Arts Should Also Serve a Political Purpose

The Enlightenment

Neoclassicism was the dominant creative style of the Enlightenment menses and drew inspiration from the classical fine art and culture of Ancient Hellenic republic and Rome.

Learning Objectives

Describe the shifts in thinking and artwork that characterized the Enlightenment

Key Takeaways

Cardinal Points

• European Neoclassicism in the visual arts began c. 1760 in opposition to the decadence of Baroque and Rococo styles.
• The thrift and sobriety of Neoclassicism echoed the spirit of the French Revolution.
• The French painter Nicholas Poussin was a master of the Neoclassical fashion.
• Neoclassicism was particularly strong in those areas where classical examples were most arable, such equally in compages and sculpture. Painting, in contrast, had fewer classical antecedents to reference.

Cardinal Terms

• Neoclassicism: Neoclassicism is the name given to Western movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theater, music, and architecture that depict inspiration from the "classical" art and culture of Ancient Greece or Aboriginal Rome.
• Rococo: Rococo, also referred to as Late Baroque, is an 18th-century artistic move and mode, which afflicted several aspects of the arts, including painting, sculpture, architecture, interior design, decoration, literature, music, and theater.
• Enlightenment: A philosophical movement in 17th  and 18th century Europe; the Age of Enlightenment, or the Age of Reason, emphasized rationalism.

Overview

The Enlightenment, also known equally the Age of Reason, was a movement that began during the 18th century in Europe and the American colonies. The key figures of the motion sought to reform society using the ability of reason. Started past the preeminent philosophers of the solar day, the Enlightenment era lasted from about 1650 to 1800, promoting scientific discipline, reason, and intellectual commutation. The idea of advancing cognition through reason emerged in response to new technology and the ability to exchange information easily thanks to mass press, and likewise out of a backlash against previous systems, which valued the church building and tradition higher up all else. The authority of science and empirical thought increasingly displaced religious authority, and the disciplines of alchemy and astrology lost credibility, leaving the more easily confirmed chemical science and astronomy. Scientific thought became more and more adult. The Enlightenment has long been hailed as the foundation of modernistic Western political and intellectual culture.

The Enlightenment encouraged criticism of the corruption of Louis Xvi and the aristocracy in France, leading to the beginning of the French Revolution in 1789. In 1792, Louis Xvi and his wife, Marie Antoinette, were beheaded along with thousands of other aristocrats believed to be loyal to the monarchy.

Art During the Enlightenment

Previous to the Enlightenment, the dominant artistic way was Rococo. When the Enlightenment and its new ethics took hold, Rococo was condemned for beingness immoral, indecent, and indulgent, and a new kind of instructive art was called for, which became known as Neoclassicism. In opposition to the frivolous sensuality of Rococo painters like Jean-Honoré Fragonard and François Boucher, the Neoclassicists looked to the creative person Nicolas Poussin for their inspiration. Poussin'south work favors line over color and predominantly features clarity, logic, and order. His work served equally an alternative to the dominant Bizarre style of the 17th century. Poussin was the major inspiration for such classically oriented artists as Jacques-Louis David, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, and Paul Cézanne.

Et in Arcadia Ergo by Nicholas Poussin, c. 1630s: Poussin came to define Neoclassical artwork with work that favored line over color and a rather stark lack of frivolity.

The Neoclassical Manner

Neoclassicism is characterized by clarity of form, sober colors, shallow space, and strong horizontals. Its verticals return the discipline thing timeless, instead of temporal, as in the dynamic Baroque works, and depicts classical field of study thing—or classicizes contemporary field of study matter. Neoclassicists believed that potent drawing was rational, and therefore morally superior, and that fine art should exist cerebral, not sensual.

The Neoclassicists wanted to express rationality and sobriety that was plumbing fixtures for their times. Artists like David supported the rebels in the French Revolution through an art that asked for clear-headed thinking, self-cede to the State (as in Oath of the Horatii), and an thrift reminiscent of Republican Rome.

Oath of the Horatii by Jacques-Louis David, 1784: David was an extremely influential figure in the Neoclassical movement. His strong employ of line, residual, and geometry suited the movement'due south ideals of gild and austerity.

Neoclassicism was strongest in compages, sculpture, and the decorative arts, where classical models in the same medium were relatively numerous and accessible. Rococo architecture emphasizes grace, decoration, and asymmetry; Neoclassical compages is based on the principles of simplicity and symmetry, which were seen as virtues in the arts of Rome and Ancient Greece, and were more immediately drawn from 16th century Renaissance Classicism.

The Grand Tour and Its Portraits

The Grand Tour was a customary trip to Europe undertaken by wealthy Europeans and some Americans.

Learning Objectives

Describe the stops forth the Grand Tour in Europe

Key Takeaways

Primal Points

• The M Tour was viewed equally an educational rite of passage typically for young men, just sometimes women besides.
• The Grand Tour tradition was extended to include the heart form when railroad and ship travel became more widespread in the second half of the 18th century.
• The Chiliad Tour generally involved the study of art at museums and universities, private collections, and notable architectural sites.
• Souvenirs and mementos became an of import element equally they could demonstrate the specifics of which location was visited and what was seen or caused.
• The artist Pompeo Batoni fabricated a career of painting portraits of English tourists posed amidst Roman antiquities and became very popular in Rome.
• Batoni'due south paintings fabricated information technology into numerous private collections in Uk, thus ensuring the genre 'due south popularity in the United Kingdom.

Cardinal Terms

• rite of passage: A ceremony or series of ceremonies, often very ritualized, to celebrate a transition in a person'southward life. Baptisms, bar mitzvahs, weddings, and funerals are amidst the best known examples.

The 1000 Tour was a customary trip to Europe undertaken past wealthy Europeans and some Americans that flourished as a tradition from about 1660 to 1840. The trip was viewed as an educational rite of passage typically for young men, but sometimes women as well. It was intended equally a means of cultural broadening and associated with a fairly standard itinerary. The Grand Tour tradition was extended to include the middle grade when railroad and transport travel became more widespread in the second half of the 18th century.

The travel itinerary typically began in Dover, England and crossed the English Channel to Ostend or to Calais in France. From here the tourist and "comport-leader," or tutor, and mayhap a troupe of servants, could rent a passenger vehicle and travel to Paris. From Paris they would travel to Switzerland, then Spain, and Northern Italy. Once in Italy, the tourist would visit Turin, and might spend a few months in Florence and Venice, which was the paradigm of the K Tour for most British tourists. From Venice they would go to Rome to study the ruins and masterpieces and possibly to the archaeological sites at Pompeii. Next was the German section of Europe, such as Vienna, Dresden, Berlin, and Potsdam, and finally to Kingdom of the netherlands and Flanders before making the trip home. The journey generally involved the study of art at museums and universities, private collections, and notable architectural sites.

The pilgrimage was popularized farther by the advent of tour guides, such equally Thomas Cook, which became synonymous with the Thou Tour. Grand Tourists were known to travel with an entourage that included valets, coachmen, scholarly guide and perhaps a melt. Souvenirs and mementos became an important element as they could demonstrate the specifics of which location was visited and what was seen or acquired. Their popularity created an industry of sorts, and prices rose with the growth of the trend. Some Chiliad Tourists invited artists from dwelling to back-trail them throughout their travels, painting views specific to their personal itineraries.

Despite the political upheaval, 18th century Rome remained a desirable destination. It became an absolute necessity for people of means to spend time in Rome equally role of their "Grand Tour," or educational pilgrimage. The urban center became a nexus for these tourists as well equally the merchants and industries that resulted from their patronage.

The increasing popularity of the M Tour, and the related desire for visitors to collect "classical" souvenirs, quickly spread the Neoclassical style throughout Europe. Information technology became a symbol of wealth and freedom to get on the M Bout and to accept something to show for information technology displayed in your home. A popular souvenir of the Grand Bout was a portrait of the tourists themselves, frequently painted amongst the architecture, or famous art works of a particular European location. The artist Pompeo Batoni, fabricated a career of painting portraits of English tourists posed among Roman antiquities. He became very pop in Rome and his portraits of the British traveling through the city were in very high demand. At that place are records of over 200 portraits of visiting British patrons standing amid ruins and bang-up works of art by Batoni. These paintings made it into numerous individual collections in Britain, thus ensuring the genre's popularity in the United Kingdom.

A portrait past Pompeo Batoni: A popular souvenir of the One thousand Tour was a portrait of the tourists themselves, like this ane, painted among the architecture or famous fine art works of a detail European location.

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Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/the-enlightenment/

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